Malignant Mesothelioma Mortality in Women — United States, 1999–2020

Jacek M. Mazurek, MD; David J. Blackley, DrPH; David N. Weissman, MD

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2022;71(19):664-666.

Abstract and Introduction

Introduction

Inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause malignant mesothelioma, a rapidly progressing and lethal cancer of the mesothelium, the thin layer of tissues surrounding internal organs in the chest and abdomen. Patients with malignant mesothelioma have a poor prognosis, with a median survival of 1 year from diagnosis. The estimated median interval from initial occupational asbestos exposure to death is 32 years (range = 13–70 years).^[1] Occupational asbestos exposure is most often reported in men working in industries such as construction and manufacturing; however, women are also at risk for exposure to asbestos fibers, and limited data exist on longer-term trends in mesothelioma deaths among women. To characterize deaths associated with mesothelioma and temporal trends in mesothelioma mortality among women in the United States, CDC analyzed annual Multiple Cause of Death records from the National Vital Statistics System for 1999–2020, the most recent years for which complete data are available. The annual number of mesothelioma deaths among women increased significantly, from 489 in 1999 to 614 in 2020; however, the age-adjusted death rate per 1 million women declined significantly, from 4.83 in 1999 to 4.15 in 2020. The largest number of deaths was associated with the health care and social assistance industry (89; 15.7%) and homemaker occupation (129; 22.8%). Efforts to limit exposure to asbestos fibers, including among women, need to be maintained.

Malignant mesothelioma deaths were identified for 1999–2020 and included any death certificates for which an International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) code for malignant mesothelioma was listed in the CDC WONDER Multiple Cause of Death mortality data.* Given the predominantly occupational etiology and long latency of mesothelioma, analysis was limited to deaths of women aged ≥25 years. The annual death rate (per 1 million women) was age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. Age-adjusted death rates were mapped by state using geographic information system software (MapInfo Pro v2019.3; Precisely). Joinpoint Regression Program^† software (version 4.9.0.0.; National Cancer Institute) was used to evaluate time trends in deaths and log-transformed age-adjusted rates. Standard information about the usual industry and occupation^§ was identified in the 2020 NCHS Mortality Multiple Cause of Death file for decedents in 46 states and New York City.^¶ Occupations classified according to the four-digit 2012 U.S. Census Bureau coding system and the two-digit simple industry recode based on the 2012 North American Industry Classification System** were examined using SAS software (version 9.4; SAS Institute).

During 1999–2020, 12,227 (age-adjusted death rate: 4.59 per 1 million women) malignant mesothelioma deaths occurred among women aged ≥25 years in the United States; 11,093 (90.7%) occurred among women aged ≥55 years, 11,447 (93.6%) occurred among White women, and 11,561 (94.6%) among non-Hispanic women (Table 1); 11,499 (94.0%) had malignant mesothelioma listed as the underlying cause of death. Mesothelioma deaths were classified as mesothelioma of pleura (968; 7.9%), peritoneum (1,119; 9.2%), pericardium (35; 0.3%), other sites (1,385; 11.3%), and unspecified location (8,842; 72.3%). The annual number of malignant mesothelioma deaths increased 25%, from 489 in 1999 to 614 in 2020 (p<0.001), and the annual age-adjusted death rate declined from 4.83 per 1 million women in 1999 to 4.15 in 2020 (p = 0.038). During 1999–2020, the annualized state mesothelioma age-adjusted death rate exceeded 6.0 per 1 million women in seven states: Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wisconsin (Figure).

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Figure.

Malignant mesothelioma* annualized age-adjusted death rate^† per 1 million women aged ≥25 years — United States, 1999–2020.
Source: CDC WONDER Multiple Cause of Death data. https://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd.html
Abbreviation: DC = District of Columbia.
*International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes C45.0 (mesothelioma of pleura), C45.1 (mesothelioma of peritoneum), C45.2 (mesothelioma of pericardium), C45.7 (mesothelioma of other sites), and C45.9 (mesothelioma, unspecified).
^†Adjusted using 2000 U.S. standard population. Age-adjusted death rates were not calculated for states with ≤20 malignant mesothelioma deaths (Alaska and DC).

Industry and occupation information was available for 567 (92.3%) of 614 malignant mesothelioma deaths among residents of 47 jurisdictions that occurred in women aged ≥25 years during 2020 (Table 2). Among 21 industry groups, the three with the most deaths were health care and social assistance (89; 15.7%); education services (64; 11.3%); and manufacturing (50; 8.8%). One hundred thirty-two occupations were reported on death certificates for malignant mesothelioma decedents among women during 2020. The three occupations with the highest numbers of mesothelioma deaths were homemakers (129; 22.8%); elementary and middle school teachers (32; 5.6%); and registered nurses (28; 4.9%).

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Abstract and Introduction
Discussion
References
Sidebar

*ICD-10 codes C45.0 (mesothelioma of pleura), C45.1 (mesothelioma of peritoneum), C45.2 (mesothelioma of pericardium), C45.7 (mesothelioma of other sites), and C45.9 (mesothelioma, unspecified). https://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd.html
^† https://surveillance.cancer.gov/joinpoint/
^§Starting with the 2020 data year, CDC's National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) began a collaboration to translate industry and occupation information (submitted by 46 states and New York City [Arizona, North Carolina, Rhode Island, and District of Columbia did not participate in this program for 2020] to NCHS as part of their death certificate data) to U.S. Census Bureau Industry and Occupation codes. As part of this program, Census codes and industry and occupation groupings for 2020 usual occupation information was available and coded for 3,077,127 (91.7% of 3,354,879 records eligible for coding) decedents aged ≥15 years from 46 states and New York City (data collected from Iowa were inconsistent with other states' data and were excluded). Usual occupation is the occupation the person did for "most of his or her working life." https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/Industry-and-Occupation-data-mortality-2020.pdf
^¶ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/vitalstatsonline.htm#Mortality_Multiple
**The 2012 U.S. Census Bureau coding scheme was used to code industry and occupation narratives to individual four-digit census occupation and industry codes (https://www.census.gov/topics/employment/industry-occupation/guidance/code-lists.html) (referred to as 2010 Census Occupation Codes and 2012 Census Industry Codes). NCHS and NIOSH supplement the 2012 Census coding scheme with additional industry and occupation codes for decedents who were not in the civilian workforce, including "housewife/homemaker" which were also used in this report. The industry grouping is the two-digit simple industry recode based on the 2012 North American Industry Classification System–informed codes obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau.

Table 1. Number and rate of malignant mesothelioma deaths among women aged ≥25 years,* by selected characteristics and year — United States, 1999–2020
Characteristic	No. of deaths (%)	Death rate^† (95% CI)^§
Total	12,227 (100)	4.59 (4.50–4.67)
Age group, yrs ^¶
25–34	71 (0.6)	0.16 (0.12–0.20)
35–44	282 (2.3)	0.60 (0.53–0.67)
45–54	781 (6.4)	1.66 (1.54–1.77)
55–64	1,857 (15.2)	4.68 (4.47–4.89)
65–74	3,203 (26.2)	11.69 (11.29–12.10)
75–84	4,018 (32.9)	23.17 (22.45–23.88)
≥85	2,015 (16.5)	25.10 (24.00–26.20)
Race
White	11,447 (93.6)	5.03 (4.93–4.93)
Black	550 (4.5)	2.02 (1.85–2.19)
Asian or Pacific Islander	179 (1.5)	1.58 (1.34–1.82)
American Indian or Alaska Native	51 (0.4)	2.82 (2.07–3.75)
Ethnicity
Hispanic or Latino	643 (5.3)	2.98 (2.75–3.22)
Non-Hispanic or Latino	11,561 (94.6)	4.69 (4.60–4.77)
Unknown	23 (0.2)	NA
Anatomic site**
Pleura	968 (7.9)	0.35 (0.33–0.37)
Peritoneum	1,119 (9.2)	0.42 (0.39–0.44)
Pericardium	35 (0.3)	0 (—)
Other	1,385 (11.3)	0.52 (0.49–0.55)
Unspecified	8,842 (72.3)	3.29 (3.22–3.36)
Year
1999	489 (4.0)	4.83 (4.40–5.26)
2000	487 (4.0)	4.77 (4.34–5.19)
2001	486 (4.0)	4.66 (4.24–5.07)
2002	444 (3.6)	4.17 (3.78–4.56)
2003	499 (4.1)	4.64 (4.23–5.05)
2004	516 (4.2)	4.77 (4.35–5.18)
2005	556 (4.5)	4.99 (4.58–5.41)
2006	503 (4.1)	4.49 (4.10–4.89)
2007	531 (4.3)	4.67 (4.27–5.07)
2008	557 (4.6)	4.79 (4.39–5.19)
2009	559 (4.6)	4.66 (4.27–5.05)
2010	562 (4.6)	4.72 (4.33–5.12)
2011	543 (4.4)	4.40 (4.03–4.78)
2012	615 (5.0)	4.92 (4.52–5.31)
2013	621 (5.1)	4.89 (4.50–5.27)
2014	610 (5.0)	4.67 (4.29–5.05)
2015	550 (4.5)	4.12 (3.77–4.47)
2016	569 (4.7)	4.16 (3.81–4.50)
2017	672 (5.5)	4.85 (4.47–5.22)
2018	603 (4.9)	4.20 (3.86–4.54)
2019	641 (5.2)	4.36 (4.02–4.70)
2020	614 (5.0)	4.15 (3.81–4.48)
p-value for trend	<0.001	0.038

Source: CDC WONDER Multiple Cause of Death data. https://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd.html
Abbreviation: NA = not applicable.
*International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes C45.0 (mesothelioma of pleura), C45.1 (mesothelioma of peritoneum), C45.2 (mesothelioma of pericardium), C45.7 (mesothelioma of other sites), or C45.9 (mesothelioma, unspecified).
^†Age-adjusted deaths per 1 million women using 2000 U.S. standard population.
^§https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/help/mcd.html#Confidence-Intervals
^¶Age-specific deaths per 1 million women using 2000 U.S. standard population.
**The sum of individual site death totals exceeds the total number of deaths for any site because some decedents have more than one site of mesothelioma listed on their death certificates.

Table 2. Usual industry and occupations* within industries associated with ≥5 malignant mesothelioma ^† deaths among women aged ≥25 years — United States, ^§ 2020
Industry/Occupation	No. of deaths (%)
Health care and social assistance	89 (15.7)
Registered nurses	28 (4.9)
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides	11 (1.9)
Personal care aides	6 (1.1)
Education service	64 (11.3)
Elementary and middle school teachers	32 (5.6)
Teacher assistants	5 (0.9)
Manufacturing	50 (8.8)
Secretaries and administrative assistants	7 (1.2)
Production workers, all other	6 (1.1)
Retail trade	37 (6.5)
Retail salespersons	10 (1.8)
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers	9 (1.6)
Cashiers	5 (0.9)
Public administration	27 (4.8)
Secretaries and administrative assistants	6 (1.1)
Finance and insurance	24 (4.2)
Professional, scientific, and technical services	24 (4.2)
Accommodation and food services	23 (4.1)
Food service managers	5 (0.9)
Waiters and waitresses	5 (0.9)
Other services (except public administration)	23 (4.1)
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists	7 (1.2)
Transportation and warehousing	13 (2.3)
Real estate and rental and leasing	8 (1.4)
Real estate brokers and sales agents	6 (1.1)
Administrative, support, and waste services	8 (1.4)
Information	7 (1.2)
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting	6 (1.1)
Construction	6 (1.1)
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	5 (0.9)
Other^¶/Missing	153 (27.0)
Homemaker	129 (22.8)

Source: NCHS Mortality Multiple Cause Files 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/vitalstatsonline.htm#Mortality_Multiple
Abbreviation: NCHS = National Center for Health Statistics.
*U.S. Census Bureau Industry and Occupation 2012 coding scheme. The industry grouping is the two-digit simple industry recode based on the 2012 North American Industry Classification System–informed codes obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau. Usual occupation is the occupation the person did for "most of his or her working life." https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/Industry-and-Occupation-data-mortality-2020.pdf
^† International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes C45.0 (mesothelioma of pleura), C45.1 (mesothelioma of peritoneum), C45.2 (mesothelioma of pericardium), C45.7 (mesothelioma of other sites), or C45.9 (mesothelioma, unspecified). https://wonder.cdc.gov
^§Starting with the 2020 data year, NCHS and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health began a collaboration to translate industry and occupation information, submitted by 46 states and New York City (Arizona, North Carolina, Rhode Island, and District of Columbia did not participate in this program for 2020) to NCHS as part of their death certificate data, to U.S. Census Bureau Industry and Occupation codes (data collected from Iowa were inconsistent with other states' data and were excluded). https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/Industry-and-Occupation-data-mortality-2020.pdf
^¶Includes mining, utilities, wholesale trade, and management of companies and enterprises.