Bostwick DG, Brawer MK. Prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia and early invasion in prostate cancer. Cancer. 1987 Feb 15. 59(4):788-94. [Medline].
Zhou M. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, PIN-like carcinoma, ductal carcinoma, and intraductal carcinoma of the prostate. Mod Pathol. 2018 Jan. 31 (S1):S71-79. [Medline].
Bostwick DG, Amin MB, Dundore P, Marsh W, Schultz DS. Architectural patterns of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Hum Pathol. 1993 Mar. 24(3):298-310. [Medline].
Orozco R, O'Dowd G, Kunnel B, Miller MC, Veltri RW. Observations on pathology trends in 62,537 prostate biopsies obtained from urology private practices in the United States. Urology. 1998 Feb. 51(2):186-95. [Medline].
Novis DA, Zarbo RJ, Valenstein PA. Diagnostic uncertainty expressed in prostate needle biopsies. A College of American Pathologists Q-probes Study of 15,753 prostate needle biopsies in 332 institutions. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1999 Aug. 123(8):687-92. [Medline].
Borboroglu PG, Comer SW, Riffenburgh RH, Amling CL. Extensive repeat transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy in patients with previous benign sextant biopsies. J Urol. 2000 Jan. 163(1):158-62. [Medline].
O'dowd GJ, Miller MC, Orozco R, Veltri RW. Analysis of repeated biopsy results within 1 year after a noncancer diagnosis. Urology. 2000 Apr. 55(4):553-9. [Medline].
Davidson D, Bostwick DG, Qian J, Wollan PC, Oesterling JE, Rudders RA, et al. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is a risk factor for adenocarcinoma: predictive accuracy in needle biopsies. J Urol. 1995 Oct. 154(4):1295-9. [Medline].
Moore CK, Karikehalli S, Nazeer T, Fisher HA, Kaufman RP Jr, Mian BM. Prognostic significance of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and atypical small acinar proliferation in the contemporary era. J Urol. 2005 Jan. 173(1):70-2. [Medline].
Leone A, Gershman B, Rotker K, Butler C, Fantasia J, Miller A, et al. Atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP): Is a repeat biopsy necessary ASAP? A multi-institutional review. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2016 Mar. 19 (1):68-71. [Medline].
McNeal JE, Bostwick DG. Intraductal dysplasia: a premalignant lesion of the prostate. Hum Pathol. 1986 Jan. 17(1):64-71. [Medline].
Qian J, Wollan P, Bostwick DG. The extent and multicentricity of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in clinically localized prostatic adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol. 1997 Feb. 28(2):143-8. [Medline].
Lee MC, Moussa AS, Yu C, Kattan MW, Magi-Galluzzi C, Jones JS. Multifocal high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is a risk factor for subsequent prostate cancer. J Urol. 2010 Nov. 184(5):1958-62. [Medline].
Alsikafi NF, Brendler CB, Gerber GS, Yang XJ. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia with adjacent atypia is associated with a higher incidence of cancer on subsequent needle biopsy than high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia alone. Urology. 2001 Feb. 57(2):296-300. [Medline].
Chen YB, Pierorazio PM, Epstein JI. Initial atypical diagnosis with carcinoma on subsequent prostate needle biopsy: findings at radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2010 Nov. 184(5):1953-7. [Medline].
Cicione A, De Nunzio C, Tubaro A, Cantiello F, Manno S, Oliveira C, et al. Metabolic syndrome diagnosis and widespread high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia significantly increase prostate cancer risk: results from a multicenter biopsy study. BMC Cancer. 2016 Feb 4. 16:59. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Park K, Dalton JT, Narayanan R, Barbieri CE, Hancock ML, Bostwick DG, et al. TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion predicts subsequent detection of prostate cancer in patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Jan 20. 32(3):206-11. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Eryilmaz IE, Aytac Vuruskan B, Kaygısız O, Egeli U, Tunca B, Kordan Y, et al. RNA-based markers in biopsy cores with atypical small acinar proliferation: Predictive effect of T2E fusion positivity and MMP-2 upregulation for a subsequent prostate cancer diagnosis. Prostate. 2019 Feb. 79 (2):195-205. [Medline].
Morais CL, Han JS, Gordetsky J, Nagar MS, Anderson AE, Lee S, et al. Utility of PTEN and ERG immunostaining for distinguishing high-grade PIN from intraductal carcinoma of the prostate on needle biopsy. Am J Surg Pathol. 2015 Feb. 39 (2):169-78. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Glybochko PV, Zezerov EG, Glukhov AI, Alyaev YG, Severin SE, Polyakovsky KA, et al. Telomerase as a tumor marker in diagnosis of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer. Prostate. 2014 Jul. 74(10):1043-51. [Medline].
Montironi R, Mazzucchelli R, Scarpelli M. Precancerous lesions and conditions of the prostate: from morphological and biological characterization to chemoprevention. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Jun. 963:169-84. [Medline].
Petein M, Michel P, van Velthoven R, Pasteels JL, Brawer MK, Davis JR, et al. Morphonuclear relationship between prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cancers as assessed by digital cell image analysis. Am J Clin Pathol. 1991 Nov. 96(5):628-34. [Medline].
Amin MB, Ro JY, Ayala AG. Putative precursor lesions of prostatic adenocarcinoma: fact or fiction?. Mod Pathol. 1993 Jul. 6(4):476-83. [Medline].
De Marzo AM, Nakai Y, Nelson WG. Inflammation, atrophy, and prostate carcinogenesis. Urol Oncol. 2007 Sep-Oct. 25(5):398-400. [Medline].
Arakawa A, Song S, Scardino PT, Wheeler TM. High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in prostates removed following irradiation failure in the treatment of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Pathol Res Pract. 1995 Sep. 191(9):868-72. [Medline].
Lee MC, Moussa AS, Zaytoun O, et al. Using a saturation biopsy scheme increases cancer detection during repeat biopsy in men with high-grade prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia. Urology. 2011 Nov. 78(5):1115-9. [Medline].
Goenka AH, Remer EM, Veniero JC, Thupili CR, Klein EA. CT-Guided Transgluteal Biopsy for Systematic Random Sampling of the Prostate in Patients Without Rectal Access. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015 Sep. 205 (3):578-83. [Medline].
Garcia-Cruz E, Piqueras M, Ribal MJ, et al. Low testosterone level predicts prostate cancer in re-biopsy in patients with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. BJU Int. 2012 Jan 18. [Medline].
Price D, Stein B, Sieber P, Tutrone R, Bailen J, Goluboff E, et al. Toremifene for the prevention of prostate cancer in men with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: results of a double-blind, placebo controlled, phase IIB clinical trial. J Urol. 2006 Sep. 176(3):965-70; discussion 970-1. [Medline].
Taneja SS, Morton R, Barnette G, Sieber P, Hancock ML, Steiner M. Prostate cancer diagnosis among men with isolated high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia enrolled onto a 3-year prospective phase III clinical trial of oral toremifene. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Feb 10. 31(5):523-9. [Medline].
Brawer MK. Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia: An Overview. Rev Urol. 2005. 7(Supple 3):1-17.
Barden R et al. High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia: Incidence, Morphological and immunohistochemical Features. Urology. 2011. 78:Issue 3, S329.
Joniau S et al. Effect of Nutritional Challenge in Patients with Isolated High-Grade Prostatic Intraepitheliual neopasia. Urology. 2007. 69:1102-1106.