Which organizations have issued guidelines on preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) against HIV infection?

1. Reynolds SJ, Makumbi F, Nakigozi G, Kagaayi J, Gray RH, Wawer M, et al. HIV-1 transmission among HIV-1 discordant couples before and after the introduction of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2011 Feb 20. 25(4):473-7. [Medline].

2. Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, McMahan V, Liu AY, Vargas L, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 30. 363(27):2587-99. [Medline]. [Full Text].

3. Interim guidance for clinicians considering the use of preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in heterosexually active adults. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012 Aug 10. 61(31):586-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

4. [Guideline] CDC. Interim Guidance: Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection in Men Who Have Sex with Men. [Full Text].

5. Thigpen MC, Kebaabetswe PM, Paxton LA, Smith DK, Rose CE, Segolodi TM, et al. Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis for heterosexual HIV transmission in Botswana. N Engl J Med. 2012 Aug 2. 367(5):423-34. [Medline].

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update to interim guidance for preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for the prevention of HIV injection: PrEP for injecting drug users. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/2013/PrEP-Interim-Guidance.html. Accessed: June 13, 2013.

7. Cohen MS, Gay CL. Treatment to prevent transmission of HIV-1. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 May 15. 50 Suppl 3:S85-95. [Medline].

8. Dumond JB, Yeh RF, Patterson KB, Corbett AH, Jung BH, Rezk NL, et al. Antiretroviral drug exposure in the female genital tract: implications for oral pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis. AIDS. 2007 Sep 12. 21(14):1899-907. [Medline]. [Full Text].

9. Descovy (emtricitabine/tenofovir AF) [package insert]. Foster City, CA: Gilead Sciences. October, 2019. Available at [Full Text].

10. Graham SM, Holte SE, Peshu NM, Richardson BA, Panteleeff DD, Jaoko WG. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy leads to a rapid decline in cervical and vaginal HIV-1 shedding. AIDS. 2007 Feb 19. 21(4):501-7. [Medline].

11. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 11. 365(6):493-505. [Medline]. [Full Text].

12. Donnell D, Baeten JM, Kiarie J, Thomas KK, Stevens W, Cohen CR, et al. Heterosexual HIV-1 transmission after initiation of antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cohort analysis. Lancet. 2010 Jun 12. 375(9731):2092-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].

13. Das M, Chu PL, Santos GM, Scheer S, Vittinghoff E, McFarland W, et al. Decreases in community viral load are accompanied by reductions in new HIV infections in San Francisco. PLoS One. 2010 Jun 10. 5(6):e11068. [Medline]. [Full Text].

14. Montaner JS, Lima VD, Barrios R, Yip B, Wood E, Kerr T, et al. Association of highly active antiretroviral therapy coverage, population viral load, and yearly new HIV diagnoses in British Columbia, Canada: a population-based study. Lancet. 2010 Aug 14. 376(9740):532-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

15. Anglemyer A, Rutherford GW, Baggaley RC, Egger M, Siegfried N. Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Aug 10. CD009153. [Medline].

16. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC. Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention of HIV-1 Transmission. N Engl J Med. 2016 Sep 1. 375 (9):830-9. [Medline].

17. Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, Mugo NR, Campbell JD, Wangisi J, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med. 2012 Aug 2. 367(5):399-410. [Medline].

18. Choopanya K, Martin M, Suntharasam P, Sangkum U, Mock P, Leethochawalit M, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013. 2083-90.

19. McCormack S, Dunn DT, Desai M, Dolling DI, Gafos M,. Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-label randomised trial. Lancet. 2016 Jan 2. 387 (10013):53-60. [Medline].

20. Molina JM, Capitant C, Spire B, Pialoux G,. On-Demand Preexposure Prophylaxis in Men at High Risk for HIV-1 Infection. N Engl J Med. 2015 Dec 3. 373 (23):2237-46. [Medline].

21. Study to Evaluate the Safety Tolerability and Acceptability of Long Acting Injections of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Integrase Inhibitor, GSK1265744, in HIV Uninfected Men (ECLAIR) ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02076178. ClinicalTrials.gov. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02076178. 2014;

22. Hosek SG, Landovitz RJ, Kapogiannis B, Siberry GK, Rudy B, Rutledge B, et al. Safety and Feasibility of Antiretroviral Preexposure Prophylaxis for Adolescent Men Who Have Sex With Men Aged 15 to 17 Years in the United States. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Nov 1. 171 (11):1063-1071. [Medline].

23. Knox DC, Anderson PL, Harrigan PR, Tan DH. Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 Infection despite Preexposure Prophylaxis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Feb 2. 376 (5):501-502. [Medline].

24. Oldenburg CE, Nunn AS, Montgomery M, Almonte A, Mena L, Patel RR, et al. Behavioral Changes Following Uptake of HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in a Clinical Setting. AIDS Behav. 2018 Apr. 22 (4):1075-1079. [Medline].

25. [Guideline] U.S. Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States – Updated 2017. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/risk/prep/cdc-hiv-prep-guidelines-2017.pdf. 2017; Accessed: 2019 Oct 04.

26. [Guideline] BHIVA/BASHH guidelines on the use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) 2018. HIV Med. 2019 Mar. 20 Suppl 2:s2-s80. [Medline].

27. US Preventive Services Task Force., Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, Barry MJ, Cabana M, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2019 Jun 11. 321 (22):2203-2213. [Medline].

28. Smith DK, Van Handel M, Wolitski RJ, Stryker JE, Hall HI, Prejean J, et al. Vital Signs: Estimated Percentages and Numbers of Adults with Indications for Preexposure Prophylaxis to Prevent HIV Acquisition--United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Nov 27. 64 (46):1291-5. [Medline].

29. Laufer FN, O'Connell DA, Feldman I, MPS., Zucker HA. Vital Signs: Increased Medicaid Prescriptions for Preexposure Prophylaxis Against HIV infection--New York, 2012-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Nov 27. 64 (46):1296-301. [Medline].

30. Eaton LA, Driffin DD, Bauermeister J, Smith H, Conway-Washington C. Minimal Awareness and Stalled Uptake of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Among at Risk, HIV-Negative, Black Men Who Have Sex with Men. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2015 Aug. 29 (8):423-9. [Medline].

31. Brown T. CDC Updates HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Guidelines. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/805740. Accessed: June 18, 2013.

32. Update to Interim Guidance for Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for the Prevention of HIV Infection: PrEP for Injecting Drug Users. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013 Jun 14. 62(23):463-5. [Medline].

Alejandro Delgado, MD Attending Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Glenn Eiger, MD Director of Internal Medicine Residency Program, Associate Chairman, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center

Glenn Eiger, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Thoracic Society, Phi Beta Kappa, Association of Program Directors in Internal Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert A Fischer, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University; Chair, Infectious Diseases Division, Attending Physician and Consultant in Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein Medical Center

Robert A Fischer, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ige Abraham George, MD Resident Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.