What provocative testing of the lunotriquetral joint is performed in the evaluation of ulnar-sided wrist pain?

1. Hirt B, Seyhan H, Wagner M, Zumhasch R. Hand and Wrist Anatomy and Biomechanics: A Comprehensive Guide. New York: Thieme; 2017.

2. Taleisnik J. Pain on the ulnar side of the wrist. Hand Clin. 1987 Feb. 3 (1):51-68. [Medline].

3. Tsai PC, Paksima N. The distal radioulnar joint. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2009. 67 (1):90-6. [Medline].

4. Palmer AK. The distal radioulnar joint. Anatomy, biomechanics, and triangular fibrocartilage complex abnormalities. Hand Clin. 1987 Feb. 3 (1):31-40. [Medline].

5. Nakamura T, Yabe Y, Horiuchi Y. Functional anatomy of the triangular fibrocartilage complex. J Hand Surg Br. 1996 Oct. 21 (5):581-6. [Medline].

6. Pesquer L, Scepi M, Bihan M, Vialle R, Richer JP, Roumy J, et al. Normal ultrasound anatomy of the triangular fibrocartilage of the wrist: a study on cadavers and on healthy subjects. J Clin Ultrasound. 2009 May. 37 (4):194-8. [Medline].

7. Palmer AK, Werner FW. The triangular fibrocartilage complex of the wrist--anatomy and function. J Hand Surg Am. 1981 Mar. 6 (2):153-62. [Medline].

8. Tay SC, Tomita K, Berger RA. The "ulnar fovea sign" for defining ulnar wrist pain: an analysis of sensitivity and specificity. J Hand Surg Am. 2007 Apr. 32 (4):438-44. [Medline].

9. Reagan DS, Linscheid RL, Dobyns JH. Lunotriquetral sprains. J Hand Surg Am. 1984 Jul. 9 (4):502-14. [Medline].

10. Feinstein WK, Lichtman DM, Noble PC, Alexander JW, Hipp JA. Quantitative assessment of the midcarpal shift test. J Hand Surg Am. 1999 Sep. 24 (5):977-83. [Medline].

11. Hajj AA, Wood MB. Stenosing tenosynovitis of the extensor carpi ulnaris. J Hand Surg Am. 1986 Jul. 11 (4):519-20. [Medline].

12. Eckhardt WA, Palmer AK. Recurrent dislocation of extensor carpi ulnaris tendon. J Hand Surg Am. 1981 Nov. 6 (6):629-31. [Medline].

13. Szabo RM. Distal radioulnar joint instability. Instr Course Lect. 2007. 56:79-89. [Medline].

14. Nicolaidis SC, Hildreth DH, Lichtman DM. Acute injuries of the distal radioulnar joint. Hand Clin. 2000 Aug. 16 (3):449-59. [Medline].

15. Shigemitsu T, Tobe M, Mizutani K, Murakami K, Ishikawa Y, Sato F. Innervation of the triangular fibrocartilage complex of the human wrist: quantitative immunohistochemical study. Anat Sci Int. 2007 Sep. 82 (3):127-32. [Medline].

16. Milz S, Sicking B, Sprecher CM, Putz R, Benjamin M. An immunohistochemical study of the triangular fibrocartilage complex of the wrist: regional variations in cartilage phenotype. J Anat. 2007 Jul. 211 (1):1-7. [Medline].

17. Ambrose L, Posner MA. Lunate-triquetral and midcarpal joint instability. Hand Clin. 1992 Nov. 8 (4):653-68. [Medline].

18. Friedman SL, Palmer AK. The ulnar impaction syndrome. Hand Clin. 1991 May. 7 (2):295-310. [Medline].

19. Abe Y, Tominaga Y. Ulnar-sided wrist pain due to isolated disk tear of triangular fibrocartilage complex within the distal radioulnar joint: two case reports. Hand Surg. 2011. 16 (2):177-80. [Medline].

20. Hauck RM, Skahen J 3rd, Palmer AK. Classification and treatment of ulnar styloid nonunion. J Hand Surg Am. 1996 May. 21 (3):418-22. [Medline].

21. Allan CH, Joshi A, Lichtman DM. Kienbock's disease: diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001 Mar-Apr. 9 (2):128-36. [Medline].

22. Levy M, Fischel RE, Stern GM, Goldberg I. Chip fractures of the os triquetrum: the mechanism of injury. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1979 Aug. 61-B (3):355-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].

23. Lee SJ, Rathod CM, Park KW, Hwang JH. Persistent ulnar-sided wrist pain after treatment of triquetral dorsal chip fracture: six cases related to triangular fibrocartilage complex injury. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012 May. 132 (5):671-6. [Medline].

24. Horii E, Garcia-Elias M, An KN, Bishop AT, Cooney WP, Linscheid RL, et al. A kinematic study of luno-triquetral dissociations. J Hand Surg Am. 1991 Mar. 16 (2):355-62. [Medline].

25. Brown DE, Lichtman DM. Midcarpal instability. Hand Clin. 1987 Feb. 3 (1):135-40. [Medline].

26. Lichtman DM, Schneider JR, Swafford AR, Mack GR. Ulnar midcarpal instability-clinical and laboratory analysis. J Hand Surg Am. 1981 Sep. 6 (5):515-23. [Medline].

27. Milek MA, Boulas HJ. Flexor tendon ruptures secondary to hamate hook fractures. J Hand Surg Am. 1990 Sep. 15 (5):740-4. [Medline].

28. Egawa M, Asai T. Fracture of the hook of the hamate: report of six cases and the suitability of computerized tomography. J Hand Surg Am. 1983 Jul. 8 (4):393-8. [Medline].

29. Stark HH, Jobe FW, Boyes JH, Ashworth CR. Fracture of the hook of the hamate in athletes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977 Jul. 59 (5):575-82. [Medline]. [Full Text].

30. Crosby EB, Linscheid RL. Rupture of the flexor profundus tendon of the ring finger secondary to ancient fracture of the hook of the hamate. Review of the literature and report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1974 Jul. 56 (5):1076-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].

31. Watanabe A, Souza F, Vezeridis PS, Blazar P, Yoshioka H. Ulnar-sided wrist pain. II. Clinical imaging and treatment. Skeletal Radiol. 2010 Sep. 39 (9):837-57. [Medline]. [Full Text].

32. Read JW, Conolly WB, Lanzetta M, Spielman S, Snodgrass D, Korber JS. Diagnostic ultrasound of the hand and wrist. J Hand Surg Am. 1996 Nov. 21 (6):1004-10. [Medline].

33. Taljanovic MS, Sheppard JE, Jones MD, Switlick DN, Hunter TB, Rogers LF. Sonography and sonoarthrography of the scapholunate and lunotriquetral ligaments and triangular fibrocartilage disk: initial experience and correlation with arthrography and magnetic resonance arthrography. J Ultrasound Med. 2008 Feb. 27 (2):179-91. [Medline].

34. Renoux J, Zeitoun-Eiss D, Brasseur JL. Ultrasonographic study of wrist ligaments: review and new perspectives. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2009 Mar. 13 (1):55-65. [Medline].

35. Cooney WP. Evaluation of chronic wrist pain by arthrography, arthroscopy, and arthrotomy. J Hand Surg Am. 1993 Sep. 18 (5):815-22. [Medline].

36. Bille B, Harley B, Cohen H. A comparison of CT arthrography of the wrist to findings during wrist arthroscopy. J Hand Surg Am. 2007 Jul-Aug. 32 (6):834-41. [Medline].

37. Mikić ZD. Arthrography of the wrist joint. An experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984 Mar. 66 (3):371-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].

38. Omlor G, Jung M, Grieser T, Ludwig K. Depiction of the triangular fibro-cartilage in patients with ulnar-sided wrist pain: comparison of direct multi-slice CT arthrography and direct MR arthrography. Eur Radiol. 2009 Jan. 19 (1):147-51. [Medline].

39. Yoshioka H, Tanaka T, Ueno T, Carrino JA, Winalski CS, Aliabadi P, et al. Study of ulnar variance with high-resolution MRI: correlation with triangular fibrocartilage complex and cartilage of ulnar side of wrist. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007 Sep. 26 (3):714-9. [Medline].

40. Albastaki U, Sophocleous D, Göthlin J, Pierre-Jerome C. Magnetic resonance imaging of the triangular fibrocartilage complex lesions: a comprehensive clinicoradiologic approach and review of the literature. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007 Sep. 30 (7):522-6. [Medline].

41. Maizlin ZV, Brown JA, Clement JJ, Grebenyuk J, Fenton DM, Smith DE, et al. MR arthrography of the wrist: controversies and concepts. Hand (N Y). 2009 Mar. 4 (1):66-73. [Medline]. [Full Text].

42. van Dijke CF, Wiarda BM. High resolution wrist MR arthrography at 1.5T. JBR-BTR. 2009 Jan-Feb. 92 (1):53-9. [Medline].

43. McAdams TR, Swan J, Yao J. Arthroscopic treatment of triangular fibrocartilage wrist injuries in the athlete. Am J Sports Med. 2009 Feb. 37 (2):291-7. [Medline].

44. Geissler WB. Arthroscopic Knotless Peripheral Ulnar-Sided TFCC Repair. J Wrist Surg. 2015 May. 4 (2):143-7. [Medline].

45. Yao J, Dantuluri P, Osterman AL. A novel technique of all-inside arthroscopic triangular fibrocartilage complex repair. Arthroscopy. 2007 Dec. 23 (12):1357.e1-4. [Medline].

46. Pilný M, Kubes T, Cizmár I, Jindra M, Sprláková A. [Trauma to the triangular fibrocartilaginous complex (TFCC)]. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2007 Aug. 74 (4):258-61. [Medline].

47. Palmer AK. Triangular fibrocartilage complex lesions: a classification. J Hand Surg Am. 1989 Jul. 14 (4):594-606. [Medline].

48. Fulton C, Grewal R, Faber KJ, Roth J, Gan BS. Outcome analysis of ulnar shortening osteotomy for ulnar impaction syndrome. Can J Plast Surg. 2012 Spring. 20 (1):e1-5. [Medline]. [Full Text].

49. Tatebe M, Nishizuka T, Hirata H, Nakamura R. Ulnar shortening osteotomy for ulnar-sided wrist pain. J Wrist Surg. 2014 May. 3 (2):77-84. [Medline]. [Full Text].

50. Smet LD, Vandenberghe L, Degreef I. Ulnar Impaction Syndrome: Ulnar Shortening vs. Arthroscopic Wafer Procedure. J Wrist Surg. 2014 May. 3 (2):98-100. [Medline].

51. Ozalp T, Yercan HS, Okçu G. The treatment of Kienböck disease with vascularized bone graft from dorsal radius. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009 Feb. 129 (2):171-5. [Medline].

52. Horch RE, Unglaub F, Dragu A, Kneser U, Bach AD. [Kienböck's disease. Diagnosis and therapy]. Chirurg. 2008 May. 79 (5):452-60. [Medline].

53. Lichtman DM, Degnan GG. Staging and its use in the determination of treatment modalities for Kienböck's disease. Hand Clin. 1993 Aug. 9 (3):409-16. [Medline].

54. Palmer AK. Kienbock's disease. J Hand Surg. 1986. 11A:94-5.

55. Lichtman DM, Alexander AH, Mack GR, Gunther SF. Kienböck's disease--update on silicone replacement arthroplasty. J Hand Surg Am. 1982 Jul. 7 (4):343-7. [Medline].

56. Cooney WP, Bussey R, Dobyns JH, Linscheid RL. Difficult wrist fractures. Perilunate fracture-dislocations of the wrist. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987 Jan. 214:136-47. [Medline].

57. Antti-Poika I, Hyrkäs J, Virkki LM, Ogino D, Konttinen YT. Correction of chronic lunotriquetral instability using extensor retinacular split: a retrospective study of 26 patients. Acta Orthop Belg. 2007 Aug. 73 (4):451-7. [Medline].

58. Wood MB, Dobyns JH. Sports-related extraarticular wrist syndromes. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986 Jan. 202:93-102. [Medline].

David M Lichtman, MD Professor and Chair, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, John Peter Smith Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Atul Joshi, MD, MCh, FRCS Consulting Staff, Department of Orthopedics, Covenant Medical Center

Atul Joshi, MD, MCh, FRCS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Medical Association, Southern Orthopaedic Association, Texas Medical Association, Texas Orthopaedic Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Harris Gellman, MD Consulting Surgeon, Broward Hand Center; Voluntary Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Surgery, University of Miami, Leonard M Miller School of Medicine; Clinical Professor of Surgery, Nova Southeastern School of Medicine

Harris Gellman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Medical Acupuncture, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Association, American Society for Surgery of the Hand, Arkansas Medical Society, Florida Medical Association, Florida Orthopaedic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph E Sheppard, MD Professor of Clinical Orthopedic Surgery, Chief of Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, University Physicians Healthcare

Joseph E Sheppard, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Orthopaedics Overseas, American Society for Surgery of the Hand

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.